Business

Legacy Airlines Are Thriving With Ultracheap Fares, Crushing Budget Carriers

Deep discounters such as Spirit and Frontier change offerings to push back.

Illustration: Raisa Álava for Bloomberg Businessweek
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To both the delight and dismay of many travelers, basic economy fares have become a fixture of America’s airline landscape, offering lower prices to flyers willing to forgo checked baggage or airborne amenities such as a free assigned seat or even a soft drink at 30,000 feet. The cheap but highly restrictive fares are an innovative pricing tool, originally adopted by Delta Air Lines Inc. about a decade ago to slap down aggressive expansion by discounters including Spirit Airlines Inc. and Frontier Group Holdings Inc.

Rather than just a defensive move, they’re increasingly being used by the largest US carriers to lure price-conscious travelers from the very upstart airlines that pioneered ultralow fares that bought only a seat. The legacy carriers’ success, along with dramatically higher costs across the industry, is forcing changes at the smaller airlines. For some discounters, it may even be an existential challenge.