{"id":46991,"date":"2015-11-17T16:06:16","date_gmt":"2015-11-17T21:06:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/professional\/insights\/trading\/trading-in-the-pre-and-post-market-sessions-part-i-liquidity-profile\/"},"modified":"2024-04-12T12:30:26","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T16:30:26","slug":"trading-in-the-pre-and-post-market-sessions-part-i-liquidity-profile","status":"publish","type":[3762],"link":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/professional\/insights\/trading\/trading-in-the-pre-and-post-market-sessions-part-i-liquidity-profile\/","title":{"rendered":"Trading in the pre and post-market sessions part I: Liquidity profile"},"content":{"rendered":"<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <style>section[data-anchor=row-69ff54dd3cc31]::before {\n\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #eeeeee;\n\t\t\t}<\/style>\n    <section class=\"bbg-row bg--custom-color  bg--eeeeee text--black bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-69ff54dd3cc31'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-2\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    \n<\/div><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-8 bbg-column--valign-bottom\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <p>    <ul class=\"bbg-categories_list\">\n                    <li>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/professional\/insights\/category\/trading\/\" rel=\"category tag\">\n                    Trading\n                <\/a>\n            <\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n<div\n    class=\"bbg-spacer\"\n        style=\"height: 24px !important\"\n    >\n<\/div>    <h1 class=\"bbg-metadata bbg-metadata--title\">Trading in the pre and post-market sessions part I: Liquidity profile<\/h1>\n<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <section class=\"bbg-row  text--black row-padding--top-compact row-padding--bottom-none bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-69ff54dd42c85'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-2\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    \n<\/div><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-8\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-spacer\"\n        style=\"height: 40px !important\"\n    >\n<\/div>    <p class=\"bbg-metadata bbg-metadata--date\">November 17, 2015<\/p>\n<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <section class=\"bbg-row  text--black row-padding--bottom-none bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-69ff54dd4483c'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-2\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    \n<\/div><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-8\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <p><div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p><em><strong>This is the first post in a three part series where the Tradebook Quantitative Research team examines the after-hours trading environment and the opportunities these sessions offer institutional traders.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:100%\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4000\" height=\"2558\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/pre-Post-Trading-11.17.15.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"Inside The FHB Commercial Bank Ltd Headquarters Ahead Of Mortgage Division Earnings\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/pre-Post-Trading-11.17.15.jpg 4000w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/pre-Post-Trading-11.17.15.jpg 300w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/pre-Post-Trading-11.17.15.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/pre-Post-Trading-11.17.15.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4000px) 100vw, 4000px\" \/>\n        \n                <figcaption class=\"bbg-single-image__caption\" style=\"text-align: left\">\n                U.S. one-hundred dollar currency banknotes pass through a money counting machine at a bank branch inside the FHB Commercial Bank Ltd, also known as FHB Kereskedelmi Bank Zrt, headquarters in Budapest, Hungary on Tuesday, Nov. 10, 2015. Hungary moved closer to regaining its investment grade status at Moody's Investors Service after Prime Minister Viktor Orban's government helped reduce the country's debt load and kept the budget deficit in check. Photographer: Akos Stiller\/Bloomberg\n        <\/figcaption>\n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <section class=\"bbg-row  text--black row-padding--top-none row-padding--bottom-none bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-69ff54dd4ba2d'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-2\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    \n<\/div><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-8\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <p><div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p>For U.S.-listed stocks, a significant percentage of the day\u2019s volume trades are done in the pre-open and post-close sessions during earnings releases and other high-profile events. Below, we present some statistics that demonstrate that such events are not only associated with higher-than-average volume but also have significant price moves associated with them. These price moves are indicative of market-moving information and that the trading that transpires before the market open on the next day goes toward capturing a significant part of this move. We also believe that traders should not miss out on this volume and should employ tactical algorithms to trade intelligently in the post-close and pre-open time frame.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bbg-interstitial\" aria-label=\"interstitial\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t<style>\n\t\t.bbg-interstitial #card_1.bbg-card_hasCta{\n\t\t\tbackground:rgba(0,0,0,0);\n\t\t\tpadding: 104px;\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t}\n\t\t.bbg-interstitial #card_1.bbg-card_hasCta .bbg-card__content, .bbg-interstitial #card_1.bbg-card_hasCta .bbg-card__content p{\n\t\t\tcolor:inherit;\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 768px) {\n\t\t\t.bbg-interstitial #card_1.bbg-card_hasCta{\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 80px 32px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 480px) {\n\t\t\t.bbg-interstitial #card_1.bbg-card_hasCta{\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 80px 18px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t<\/style>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-card  bbg-card-dark bbg-card_hasCta has_interstitial\" id=\"card_1\" data-card_type=\"no_image\">\n  \n  \n  <div class=\"bbg-card__innerwrapper\">\n    <div class=\"bbg-card__content\">\n      \n      \n                      <h3 class=\"bbg-card__title\">Research and insights on the ETF industry directly in your inbox<\/h3>\n      \n              <div class=\"bbg-card__wysiwyg bb-wysiwyg\"><p>Sign up for the newsletter<\/p>\n<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n          \n<div\n  id=\"cta_5982923087570441907\"\n  class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-cta icon icon-arrow\">\n  <style>\n    \n    \n    \n  <\/style>\n  <div\n    class=\"bbg-cta-link link-holder\"\n    data-links-type=\"cta-links\">\n    <p class=\"bbg-cta-p right\">\n      <a\n        class=\"bbg-cta-link link interstitial_cta\"\n        href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/professional\/insights\/newsletter\/\"\n        target=\"_blank\"\n        rel=\"\"\n        data-section-name=\"\"\n                role=\"button\"\n        aria-label=\"Learn more\"\n        >\n                <\/a>\n    <\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <section class=\"bbg-row  text--black bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-69ff54dd50883'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-2\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    \n<\/div><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-8\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <p><div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Pre- and Post-Market Trading Times<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>For U.S. equities, the time frame of 4 AM to 9:30 AM before the market officially opens (Continuous Trading) is considered pre-open and the 4 PM to 8 PM time frame is considered post-close. \u00a0Tradebook offers a set of solutions available for pre- and post-market sessions.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:100%\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"808\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-1.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earnings I Figure 1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-1.jpg 808w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-1.jpg 300w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-1.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 808px) 100vw, 808px\" \/>\n        \n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <section class=\"bbg-row  text--black row-padding--top-none row-padding--bottom-none bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-69ff54dd54751'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-2\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    \n<\/div><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-8\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <p><div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><strong>Pre- and Post-Market Volume Statistics<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>To summarize the characteristics of trading in these sessions, we sampled 500 tickers from the Russell 3000 with equal representation across the market capitalization spectrum. We compute pre-open and post-close market share as a percent of daily volume and group stocks using an average 30-day daily volume number. In Table 2, we show data for selected percentile groups for ease of display. For example, a highlighted column in Table 2, Figure 1 shows that for Average Daily Volume (ADV) greater than 10M shares, pre- and post-market volume account for about 8% of the daily volume. And this happens on 5% of the days in the year\u2014or about once a month. This represents significant trading volume and is not just an earnings-day release characteristic.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:100%\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"793\" height=\"399\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-2.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earnings I Figure 2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-2.jpg 793w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-2.jpg 300w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-2.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px\" \/>\n        \n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <section class=\"bbg-row  text--black row-padding--top-none bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-69ff54dd587d6'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <p><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-2\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    \n<\/div><div\n    class=\"bbg-column bbg-column--width-8\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <p><div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p>In Table 2, Figure 2, we display price moves associated with these volumes; in the smallest of volume events, significant (in the order of multiples of 100bps) price moves are observed.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:100%\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"792\" height=\"321\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-3.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earnings I Figure 3\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-3.jpg 792w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-3.jpg 300w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-3.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/>\n        \n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p>Figure 3 shows an example of pre-open and post-close trading on a intraday price chart using the Bloomberg Professional\u00ae service. For this ticker, JC Penney, we observe a 17% jump in after-hours trading associated with about 64% of the Average Daily Volume (7.1M shares in the post-close session and 6.34M shares in the next day pre-open session). Although some might point to this trading being conducted in the upstairs market, only 17.4% of this activity was indicated on the TRFs, with the other 82.6% taking place on the exchanges, with NYSE ARCA trading 6.49MM shares before next day\u2019s official market open. Traders could have participated with this volume using tactical algorithms such as Bloomberg Tradebook\u2019s B-Smart algorithm.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"\" class=\"wpb_content_element bbg-single-image align-center\">\n    <figure class=\"bbg-single-image__figure\" style=\"max-width:100%\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"692\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-4.jpg\" class=\"bbg-single-image__image attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earnings I Figure 4\" srcset=\"https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-4.jpg 692w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-4.jpg 300w, https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/image\/v1\/resize?width=auto&amp;type=webp&amp;url=https:\/\/assets.bbhub.io\/professional\/sites\/10\/imported\/tradebook\/sites\/6\/Earnings-I-Figure-4.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/>\n        \n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<p><strong>In the next part of this series we will discuss the value of price discovery during the pre and post-market trading sessions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<div  class=\"bbg-row-container\">\n    <style>section[data-anchor=row-69ff54dd5f1d3]::before {\n\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #eeeeee;\n\t\t\t}<\/style>\n    <section class=\"bbg-row bg--custom-color  bg--eeeeee text--black bbg-row--full-bg-bleed\" data-anchor='row-69ff54dd5f1d3'>\n        \n        \n        <div\n            class=\"bbg-row--content\"\n                    >\n            \n            <div\n    class=\"bbg-column\"\n    style=\"\"\n    >\n    <div\n\tclass=\"bb-wysiwyg\"\n\t\t>\n\t<h2>Recommended for you<\/h2>\n\n<\/div>\n<div\n    class=\"bbg-spacer\"\n        style=\"height: 24px !important\"\n    >\n<\/div><script>\n    window.feed = window.feed || {};\n    window.feed['69ff54dd62276'] = 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U.S. one-hundred dollar currency banknotes pass through a money counting machine at a bank branch inside the FHB Commercial Bank Ltd, also known as FHB Kereskedelmi&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":91,"featured_media":15706,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"template-article.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":"444","footnotes":""},"categories":[444],"tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-46991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-trading","type-article"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.11 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Trading in the Pre and Post-Market Sessions Part I<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A three part series where the Tradebook Quantitative Research team examines the after-hours trading environment and the opportunities these sessions offer institutional traders.\" 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