Skip to content
Bloomberg the Company & Its ProductsThe Company & its ProductsBloomberg Terminal Demo RequestBloomberg Anywhere Remote LoginBloomberg Anywhere LoginBloomberg Customer SupportCustomer Support
  • Bloomberg

    Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world

    For Customers

    • Bloomberg Anywhere Remote Login
    • Software Updates
    • Manage Products and Account Information

    Support

    Americas+1 212 318 2000

    EMEA+44 20 7330 7500

    Asia Pacific+65 6212 1000

  • Company

    • About
    • Careers
    • Diversity and Inclusion
    • Tech At Bloomberg
    • Philanthropy
    • Sustainability
    • Bloomberg London
    • Bloomberg Beta
    • Gender-Equality Index

    Communications

    • Press Announcements
    • Press Contacts

    Follow

    • Facebook
    • Instagram
    • LinkedIn
    • Twitter
    • YouTube
  • Products

    • Bloomberg Terminal
    • Data
    • Trading
    • Risk
    • Indices

    Industry Products

    • Bloomberg Law
    • Bloomberg Tax
    • Bloomberg Government
    • BloombergNEF
  • Media

    • Bloomberg Markets
    • Bloomberg Technology
    • Bloomberg Pursuits
    • Bloomberg Politics
    • Bloomberg Opinion
    • Bloomberg Businessweek
    • Bloomberg Live Conferences
    • Bloomberg Radio
    • Bloomberg Television
    • News Bureaus

    Media Services

    • Bloomberg Media Distribution
    • Advertising
  • Company

    • About
    • Careers
    • Diversity and Inclusion
    • Tech At Bloomberg
    • Philanthropy
    • Sustainability
    • Bloomberg London
    • Bloomberg Beta
    • Gender-Equality Index

    Communications

    • Press Announcements
    • Press Contacts

    Follow

    • Facebook
    • Instagram
    • LinkedIn
    • Twitter
    • YouTube
  • Products

    • Bloomberg Terminal
    • Data
    • Trading
    • Risk
    • Indices

    Industry Products

    • Bloomberg Law
    • Bloomberg Tax
    • Bloomberg Government
    • Bloomberg Environment
    • BloombergNEF
  • Media

    • Bloomberg Markets
    • Bloomberg
      Technology
    • Bloomberg Pursuits
    • Bloomberg Politics
    • Bloomberg Opinion
    • Bloomberg
      Businessweek
    • Bloomberg Live Conferences
    • Bloomberg Radio
    • Bloomberg Television
    • News Bureaus

    Media Services

    • Bloomberg Media Distribution
    • Advertising
  • Bloomberg

    Connecting decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people and ideas, Bloomberg quickly and accurately delivers business and financial information, news and insight around the world

    For Customers

    • Bloomberg Anywhere Remote Login
    • Software Updates
    • Manage Contracts and Orders

    Support

    Americas+1 212 318 2000

    EMEA+44 20 7330 7500

    Asia Pacific+65 6212 1000

Bloomberg Bloomberg UK
Switch Editions
  • UK
  • Europe
  • US
  • Asia
  • Middle East
  • Africa
  • 日本
Sign In Subscribe
  • Bloomberg TV+

    Bloomberg Wall Street Week

    Bloomberg Wall Street Week

    David Westin speaks with top names in finance about the week's biggest issues on Wall Street.

    Bloomberg Radio

    Bloomberg Opinion

    Bloomberg Opinion

    "Bloomberg Opinion" columnists offer their opinions on issues in the news.

    Listen

    Bloomberg Originals

    Idea Generation: Marc Eckō-

    Idea Generation: Marc Eckō

    On this week's episode of Idea Generation, designer, artist and entrepreneur Marc Ecko takes us on a journey from his days as a young graffiti artist in New Jersey, to launching a $500 million brand in Ecko Unlimited, to creating the culture-defining Complex Magazine. Along the way he tells us how he also became a best-selling author and philanthropist.

    Also streaming on your TV:

    • Markets
      Markets
      • Deals
      • Odd Lots
      • The FIX | Fixed Income
      • ETFs
      • FX
      • Factor Investing
      • Alternative Investing
      • Economic Calendar
      • Markets Magazine
      Key Speakers At The WSJDLive Global Technology Conference

      Markets

      The World’s Most Feared Investor Heads for Showdown With the LME

      129310646

      Business

      Former Head of Police Watchdog Charged With Raping Young Girl

      Market Data

      • Stocks
      • Commodities
      • Rates & Bonds
      • Currencies
      • Futures
      • Sectors
      View More Markets
    • Economics
      Economics
      • Indicators
      • Central Banks
      • Jobs
      • Trade
      • Tax & Spend
      • Inflation & Prices
      Cost-of-Pizza Shock Hits Italy as Surge Far Outstrips Inflation

      Inflation & Prices

      Cooking Pizza in Italy Is Costlier as Olive Oil Price Jumps

      Commuters Ahead Of Latest UK Employment Figures

      Economics

      Britain Faces Recession and Flood of Job Losses if Rates Hit 6%

      Low Waters at France's Montbel Reservoir During Driest Winter on Record

      Economics

      Europe Faces an Inflation-Regime Reckoning Over Climate Goals

      View More Economics
    • Industries
      Industries
      • Consumer
      • Energy
      • Entertainment
      • Finance
      • Health
      • Legal
      • Real Estate
      • Telecom
      • Transportation
      Amazon-iRobot Deal Spread Almost Cut in Half on UK Antitrust Nod

      Technology

      Amazon-iRobot Deal Spread Almost Cut in Half on UK Antitrust Nod

      DraftKings Sportsbook at The Brook Ribbon Cutting

      Business

      DraftKings Tries to Top Fanatics With $195 Million Counteroffer For PointsBet US Arm

      Featured

      • Business of Sports
      View More Industries
    • Technology
      Technology
      • AI
      • Big Tech
      • Cybersecurity
      • Startups
      Opening Day of MWC Barcelona 2023

      Technology

      Huawei Protests EU Guideline That Aims to Phase It Out as Vendor

      Samples are prepared in a test-tube tray at a laboratory

      City of London

      Life Sciences Firm Abcam Gets Takeover Approaches While It Battles Founder

      General Taiwan Economy Following Historic Meeting Between Taiwan And China Leaders

      Technology

      Taiwan Expects UK Satellite Cover Over Island by Year End: CNA

      View More Technology
    • Politics
      Politics
      • US
      • UK
      • Americas
      • Europe
      • Asia
      • Middle East
      Giorgia Meloni Meets With Elon Musk In Rome

      Hyperdrive

      Musk Courts EU Leaders as Twitter’s Future Hangs in the Balance

      african gun solider militant troop bullets

      Politics

      At Least 25 Killed in Rebel Attack on Ugandan School

      Featured

      • Next China
      View More Politics
    • Wealth
      Wealth
      • Investing
      • Living
      • Opinion & Advice
      • Savings & Retirement
      • Taxes
      • Reinvention
      Tishman Speyer Lands $750 Million Construction Loan Package for Harvard Project

      Wealth

      Tishman Speyer Lands $750 Million Construction Loan Package for Harvard Project

      Hong Kong Skyline As Hong Kong’s Economic Hit Spurs Opposition To Protest Actions

      Wealth

      Hong Kong’s Luxury Rental Market Is Starting to Rebound

      Featured

      • How to Invest
      View More Wealth
    • Pursuits
      Pursuits
      • Travel
      • Autos
      • Homes
      • Living
      • Culture
      • Style
      Mykonos Villa Sale

      Pursuits

      British Tycoon Wants Record-Breaking €50 Million for Greek Villa

      123rd U.S. Open Championship - Round Two

      Pursuits

      Max Homa, Phil Mickelson, Jordan Spieth Miss Cut at US Open

      Featured

      • Screentime
      • New York Property Prices
      • Where to Go in 2022
      View More Pursuits
    • Opinion
      Opinion
      • Business
      • Finance
      • Economics
      • Markets
      • Politics & Policy
      • Technology & Ideas
      • Editorials
      • Letters
      TOPSHOT-POLAND-UKRAINE-RUSSIA-CONFLICT-DIPLOMACY

      Tobin Harshaw

      Will Putin or Zelenskiy Win the War in Ukraine? Probably Neither

      Keir Starmer Addresses The London Tech Conference

      Martin Ivens

      Labour's Keir Starmer Gets Lucky Once Again

      Facebook Outage Linked In Part To Its Data Center Communications

      Brooke Sutherland

      The AI Boom Has Enough Room for Manufacturers

      View More Opinion
    • Businessweek
      Businessweek
      • The Bloomberg 50
      • Best B-Schools
      • Small Business Survival Guide
      • 50 Companies to Watch
      • Good Business
      • Subscribe to the Magazine
      Americans Are Eating Out More as the Covid Home Cooking Boom Fades

      Remarks

      Americans Are Eating Out More as the Covid Home Cooking Boom Fades

      Private Credit’s Quiet, Unstoppable Rise Comes With Unknown Risk

      Remarks

      Private Credit’s Quiet, Unstoppable Rise Comes With Unknown Risk

      Airlines Are Rankled About Pratt & Whitney’s Jet Engine Problems

      Aviation

      Airlines Are Rankled About Pratt & Whitney’s Jet Engine Problems

      View More Businessweek
    • Equality
      Equality
      • Corporate Leadership
      • Capital
      • Society
      • Solutions
      Goldman Sachs Facing SEC Probe Of ESG Funds In Asset Management

      Equality

      These Are The Top-Ranked Employers for Working Fathers on Wall Street

      JPMorgan Chase & Co. Chief Executive Officer Jamie Dimon Interview

      Equality

      JPMorgan Defeats Bid to Depose Dimon Again in Epstein Suit by US Virgin Islands

      Featured

      • In Trust Podcast
      View More Equality
    • Green
      Green
      • New Energy
      • ESG Investing
      • Weather & Science
      • Climate Politics
      • Greener Living
      • Cleaner Tech
      Aerial Views Of Berlin

      Green

      Berlin Risks Water Shortages in Fallout From Germany’s Coal Exit

      Operations At The Caithness Shepherds Flat Wind Farm

      Green

      Sojitz Cancels Hokkaido Wind Project on Costs, Local Objections

      Featured

      • Data Dash
      • Hyperdrive
      View More Green
    • CityLab
      CityLab
      • Design
      • Culture
      • Transportation
      • Economy
      • Environment
      • Housing
      • Justice
      • Government
      • Technology
      TOPSHOT-AUSTRALIA-HEALTH-VIRUS

      Design

      The Costly Allure of the Showstopper Concert Hall

      Africa’s Richest City Is Crumbling Under Chaos and Corruption

      Economy

      Africa’s Richest City Is Crumbling Under Chaos and Corruption

      Apartment blocks in Madrid.

      CityLab

      Madrid’s Rising Property Prices Threaten a Housing-Market Crunch

      View More CityLab
    • Crypto
      Crypto
      • Decentralized Finance
      • NFTs
      • Regulation
      • Technology
      Power-Hungry Crypto Mines Clean Up As Cost Of Electricity Grows

      Markets

      Liquidators of Crypto Fund Three Arrows Seek to Fine Co-Founder $10,000 Per Day

      Cryptocurrencies Rally After First Quarter Slump

      Crypto

      Crypto Hit by Falling Prices, Regulatory Actions and Contagion Concerns

      Key Speakers at Paris Blockchain Week Summit

      Crypto

      Crypto Exchange Binance Probed by France for Alleged Illegal Practices

      View More Crypto

Live on Bloomberg TV

CC-Transcript

  • 00:00HAD MISLED THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF THE WAR IN VIETNAM. GREAT TO HAVE YOU WITH US, MR. ELLENSBURG. YOU HAVE SUCH A VIEW ON THE ROLE OF A WHISTLEBLOWER, SO-CALLED, IN A DEMOCRACY SUCH AS OURS. WHAT IS THAT ROLE? > > TO TELL THE TRUTH TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, TO BE A SOVEREIGN PUBLIC, TO ACT -- FOR CONGRESS TO ACT IN SUCH A WAY MORE IN PEACE, FOR CONGRESS GIVES -- FOR THE CONSTITUTION GIVES THEM THAT POWER. THAT HAS ERODED A GREAT DEAL IN RECENT YEARS, IN FACT IN MY LIFETIME. IT IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO GET BACK TO IT AS POSSIBLE, OR IF YOU FIND THE CONSTITUTION BEING VIOLATED CLEARLY. EVERY OFFICIAL, EVERY MILITARY OFFICER, AS I WAS IN THE MARINE CORPS, EVERY CIVILIAN AND MEMBER OF CONGRESS TAKES THE SAME OATH. IT IS NOT TO THE PRESIDENT. IT IS NOT LOYALTY TO A FUHRER OR A PRESIDENT, IT IS TO DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES AGAINST ALL ENEMIES, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC. WHEN AN OFFICIAL HERE ' S HIS BOSS, OR THE PRESIDENT IN PARTICULAR MISLEADING THE PUBLIC AND CONGRESS, GETTING THEM INTO A HOPELESS OR ILLEGAL WAR, OR ANY KIND OF WAR, MISLEADING AND LYING THEM INTO WAR, AS I HEARD MY PRESIDENT, PRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSON, DOING IN AUGUST 1964. WHAT SHOULD THEY DO? THAT IS NOT AN EASY ONE TO ANSWER, ACTUALLY. WHAT I DID WAS NOT THE BEST RESPONSE. IT WAS LIKE ALL THE OTHER THOUSANDS WHO KNEW WE WERE GOING TO WAR WHEN THE PRESIDENT SAID WE WERE NOT. THAT WAS TO KEEP MY MOUTH SHUT AND ROYALLY OBEY THE PRESIDENT, HOWEVER WRONGFUL OR MISLEADING HIS POLICY. THAT WAS WRONG, AND THAT IS WHAT ALL THE PEOPLE WHO HEARD THIS PRESIDENT , TRUMP, COMMIT A CRIME ON THE PHONE WITH MORE THAN A DOZEN PEOPLE LISTENING IN, NOT ONE OF THEM SO FAR AS WE KNOW YET INFORMED AND OUTSIDE AUTHORITY, OUTSIDE THE WHITE HOUSE AUTHORITY LIKE THE JUSTICE DEPARTMENT EVEN, LET ALONE CONGRESS, ABOUT THAT. THAT WAS WRONG. DAVID: WE ARE TALKING WITH DANIEL ELLSBERG, THE FORMER RAND RESEARCHER AND THE WHISTLEBLOWER WITH THE PENTAGON PAPERS. WHO GETS TO DECIDE WHAT THE PEOPLE NEEDS TO KNOW? WHEN YOU WERE OPERATING, YOU WENT TO THE NEW YORK TIMES AND HAD EDITORS WHO LOOKED AT THIS AND SAID YES, THE PEOPLE NEED TO KNOW THIS. THE SUPREME COURT SIDED WITH THEM. NOW WE HAVE THE ABILITY TO GO TO THE GLOBE INSTANTANEOUSLY ONLINE. IS THERE NO GREATER DANGER NOW THERE IS NO CHECK OR BALANCE ON A WHISTLEBLOWER? DANIEL: THIS PARTICULAR WHISTLEBLOWER, HE OR SHE, IT WE DO NOT KNOW YET, DID FOLLOW THE RULES THAT HAVE BEEN PROVIDED IN RECENT YEARS FOR GETTING INFORMATION TO CONGRESS THAT HE OR SHE FEELS THEY REALLY NEED TO KNOW IS BEING WITHHELD FROM THEM. THAT IS TO GO TO THE INSPECTOR GENERAL OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY, OR IN OTHER CASES, AN AGENCY LIKE THE CIA, WHICH WAS BROUGHT IN ON THIS, OR THE DEFENSE DEPARTMENT. THOSE RULES DID NOT EXIST FOR PROTECTING A WHISTLEBLOWER IN MY DAY, BUT EVEN NOW -- I AM GLAD THAT THEY USE THEM, THEY SHOULD PROTECT THIS WHISTLEBLOWER FROM PROSECUTION, BUT IT DOES NOT MEAN IT PROTECTS THEIR CAREER OR PROTECTS THEM PHYSICALLY. IN THEORY, THEIR ANONYMITY IS SUPPOSED TO BE PROTECTED. IN PRACTICE, WHEN PEOPLE GO THROUGH CHANNELS TO TELL ON THEIR BOSS OR A SYSTEM WITHIN THE AGENCY, THAT GOES BACK TO THEIR BOSS AND THEY DO SUFFER, THEY ARE FIRED OR RETALIATED AGAINST IN VARIOUS WAYS. SECOND, SINCE THE WRONGDOING BEING REVEALED AS WITHIN THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND MAY EVEN INVOLVE THE PRESIDENT, AS WITHIN THIS CASE, IT DOES NOT GET PASSED OUT TO CONGRESS. IT IS NOT TO THEIR INTEREST. SO THE WHISTLEBLOWER FAILS. IN MOST CASES, I WOULD SAY DESPITE THE SUCCESS, A WHISTLEBLOWER WITH THIS KIND OF INFORMATION WOULD BE BETTER, WOULD DO BETTER TO GET THE INFORMATION OUT AND EVEN TO BE ANONYMOUS, TO GO TO CONGRESS DIRECTLY AND TO THE MEDIA. THEY WILL BE KNOWN, THEIR IDENTITY WILL BE KNOWN TO THE PEOPLE THEY WORK WITH, BUT THERE WILL BE SOME EFFORT TO KEEP THEM ANONYMOUS, AND THAT WILL BE MORE RELIABLE THAN GOING THROUGH THE GOVERNMENT CHANNELS. DAVID: ONCE AGAIN, WE ARE SPEAKING WITH DANIEL ELLSBERG, FORMER RAND RESEARCHER AND WEAKER OF THE PENTAGON PAPERS. BUT THERE IS SOME FORM OF LEGITIMACY OF PRIVACY OR SECRECY IN THE GOVERNMENT. HE SAID IN THIS INSTANCE, THE WHISTLEBLOWER WENT THROUGH THE RIGHT CHANNELS. THAT WAS STYMIED BY THE OFFICE OF THE LEGAL COUNSEL, WHO SAID THIS IS EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE, SO YOU SHOULD NOT DISCLOSE IT. ON THE ONE HAND, THE PRESIDENT CAN HAVE CONVERSATIONS WITHOUT THEM BEING PLASTERED ALL OVER THE INTERNET, OR NOT. WHAT DO YOU THINK? DANIEL: THERE IS THE NEED FOR PRIVACY FOR SOME SECRETS, LIKE FOR FOREIGN ENEMIES. THERE IS LITTLE JUSTIFICATION FOR SECRECY FROM THE RIGHT COMMUNITIES OF CONGRESS AND THE CLOSED SESSIONS IN CONGRESS, AND THAT IS INVOKED ALL THE TIME. THE PRESIDENT DOES NOT HAVE THE EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE OF KEEPING SECRET CONSPIRACY ON A CRIME, DISCUSSIONS OF CONSTITUTIONAL OR CRIMINAL ACTIVITY. IT IS LIKE THE THE MAFIA. -- THE MAFIA. THEY NEED SECRECY, BUT THEY ARE NOT ENTITLED TO IT. THAT IS NOT TRUE FOR THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH, BUT IT MEANS WHEN THEY PLAN SOMETHING ILLEGAL, AS IN THIS CASE THE USE OF FOREIGN FUNDS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE TRUMP ' S CHANCES OF AN ELECTION BY DEFAMING HIS MAIN OPPONENT, IN THAT CASE YOU CAN BE SURE THE SECRECY SYSTEM WILL BE USED, AND IN THEORY IT IS NOT TO BE USED FOR THAT PRACTICE OR PURPOSE, BUT IN PRACTICE, THAT IS THE MAIN REASON FOR KEEPING MOST SECRETS BEYOND TWO OR THREE YEARS. THE OVERWHELMING MAJORITY OF CLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS ARE FROM 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, OR 40 YEARS OLD. THERE IS NO NATIONAL SECURITY INVOLVED IN KEEPING THAT SECRET. YOU NEVER KNOW WHAT MAY BE EMBARRASSING IN THE FUTURE, WHAT PROMISES WILL NOT BE CAPPED, WHAT PREDICTIONS WILL PROVE TO BE FALSE. WHAT WILL APPEAR TO BE CRIMINAL OR WRONGFUL, DISASTROUS. SO YOU KEEP IT ALL SECRET, AND THAT IS REALLY THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE SECRECY SYSTEM. IT IS NOT AN ABUSE, OF COURSE IT HAS A PURPOSE, TO KEEP LEGITIMATE SECRETS LEGITIMATELY FROM ENEMIES OR FOREIGN RIVALS, BUT THAT IS A MINOR, MINOR PERCENTAGE OF WHAT IS ACTUALLY KEPT SECRET. WE ARE SEEING TWO FLAWS, I WOULD SAY, IN OUR SECRECY SYSTEM IN THIS INSTANCE. ONE IS THE FAMILIAR REGULAR ABUSE OF CLASSIFICATION TO HIDE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR. THE OTHER IS, THERE IS CURRENTLY NO WAY FOR A WHISTLEBLOWER TO REVEAL CRIMES THAT ARE CLASSIFIED WITHOUT RISKING PROSECUTION. THAT REQUIRES LEGISLATION TO CHANGE IT. IT IS UP TO CONGRESS TO CHANGE THAT. DAVID: MR. ELLSBERG, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR TIME. MR. DANIEL
  • NOW PLAYING

    Daniel Ellsberg on the Role of a Whistle-Blower in the U.S.

  • 02:13:42

    "Bloomberg Markets: The Close" (06/16/2023)

  • 44:51

    Balance of Power Full Show (06/16/2023)

  • 48:06

    Wall Street Week - Full Show 06/16/2023

  • 05:38

    A Pause is Just a Pause

  • 08:36

    What Might be Driving the Fed

  • 07:38

    Creation of a Bank Titan

  • 02:27

    Who Is To Blame for Inflation?

  • 08:48

    The Rapid Change of Commercial Real Estate

  • 04:06

    Survival of the (AI) Fittest

  • 10:07

    Rep. Moore on Potential Govt. Shutdown

  • 08:43

    Julie Su Delivered: Seroka on West Coast Contracts

  • 07:21

    Blinken Set to Travel to China

  • 02:26:18

    'Bloomberg Surveillance Simulcast' (06/16/23)

  • 07:04

    Top Calls: What's Next for the AI-Fueled Rally?

  • 01:34

    Michael Jordan Sells Stake in Hornets for $3 Billion

Stream Schedule:

U.S. BTV+
  • U.S. BTV+
  • U.S. BTV
  • Europe BTV
  • Asia BTV
  • Australia BTV
  • U.S. Live Event
  • EMEA Live Event
  • Asia Live Event
  • Politics Live Event
No schedule data available.
BTV Channel FinderWatch BTV in your area

Daniel Ellsberg on the Role of a Whistle-Blower in the U.S.

  • Bloomberg Markets

  • Balance of Power

October 11th, 2019, 5:20 PM GMT+0000

Daniel Ellsberg, Pentagon Papers whistle-blower and former Rand Corp. researcher, discusses the role of a whistle-blower in a democracy and reflects on the Pentagon Papers nearly 50 years later. He speaks with Bloomberg's David Westin on "Balance of Power." (Source: Bloomberg)


  • More From Bloomberg Markets

    • 44:51

      Balance of Power Full Show (06/16/2023)

      7 hours ago
    • 10:07

      Rep. Moore on Potential Govt. Shutdown

      9 hours ago
    • 08:43

      Julie Su Delivered: Seroka on West Coast Contracts

      9 hours ago
    • 07:21

      Blinken Set to Travel to China

      9 hours ago
    All episodes and clips
  • More From Balance of Power

    • 44:51

      Balance of Power Full Show (06/16/2023)

      7 hours ago
    • 10:07

      Rep. Moore on Potential Govt. Shutdown

      9 hours ago
    • 08:43

      Julie Su Delivered: Seroka on West Coast Contracts

      9 hours ago
    • 07:21

      Blinken Set to Travel to China

      9 hours ago
    All episodes and clips
    See all shows
    Terms of Service Trademarks Privacy Policy ©2023 Bloomberg L.P. All Rights Reserved
    Careers Made in NYC Advertise Ad Choices Help